II. patterns of use in traditional settings (cannabis, coca, opium, and qat in Jamaica, Costa Rica, Greece, Bolivia, 19th century England, Yemen;

III. patterns of use in modern settings (cocaine, crack, heroin in the United States, United Kingdom, the Netherlands;

IV. selected contemporary problems (the economics of drugs, the politics of drugs, drugs and health);

V. drug policies and drug legislation (with special emphasis on the United States).

The major requirement for the course is a research paper (size optional - 20 to 30 pages will do - seriousness of effort not optional) due December 12, 2000. Late papers will not be accepted. Theme, outline and tentative bibliography for term paper must be approved by the instructor by late October. Course grade will be based on quality of the term paper and on classroom performance.

REQUIRED READINGS

Bourgois, P. 1995. In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Gunst, Laurie. 1995. Born Fi' Dead: A Journey Through the Jamaican Posse Underworld. New York: Henry Holt and Company.

Hamid, Ansley. 1998. Drugs in America: Sociology, Economics, and Politics. Gaithersburg, MD., Aspen Publishers, Inc.

Indian Hemp Drugs Commission. 1969. Marijuana: Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1893-1894. Silver Spring, Maryland: Thos. Jefferson Publishing Co.

Knipe, Ed. 1995. Culture, Society, and Drugs: The Social Science Approach to Drug Use. Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc.

Musto, David F. 1973. The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

Rubin, Vera, and Lambros Comitas. 1975. Ganja in Jamaica: A Medical Anthropological Study of Chronic Marihuana Use. The Hague, Paris: Mouton.

Williams, Terry. 1989. The Cocaine Kids: The Inside Story of a Teenage Drug Ring. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

I. OVERVIEW

Becker, Howard S. 1967. "History, Culture and Subjective Experience: An exploration of the social basis of drug-induced experiences." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 8:166-169.

Blum, Richard H. and Associates. 1969. Society and Drugs. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc., Publishers.

Geller, Allen, and Maxwell Boas. 1969. The Drug Beat. New York: Cowles Book Company, Inc.

Goode, Erich. 1989. Drugs in American Society. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Kelleher, Maureen E., B.K. MacMurray, and T.M. Shapiro (eds). 1983. Drugs and Society: A Critical Reader. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.

Schultes, Richard E., and Albert Hofmann. 1979. Plants of the Gods. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Spradley, James P. 1970. You Owe Yourself a Drunk: An Ethnography of Urban Nomads. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

Zinberg, Norman E., and John A. Robertson. 1972. Drugs and the Public. New York: Simon and Schuster.

II. patterns of use in traditional settings

Abel, Ernest L. 1980. Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years. New York and London: Plenum Press.

Allen, Catherine J. 1981. "To be Quechua: The Symbolism of Coca Chewing in Highland Peru." American Ethnologist 8:157-171.

Becker, Howard S. 1953. "Becoming a Marijuana User." American Journal of Sociology 59:235-242.

Berridge, Virginia, and Griffith Edwards. 1981. Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth-Century England. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Bonnie, Richard J. 1980. Marijuana Use and Criminal Sanctions: Essays on the Theory and Practice of Decriminalization. Charlottesville, Virginia: The Michie Company.

Carter, William E., (ed). 1980. Cannabis in Costa Rica: A Study of Chronic Marihuana Use. Philadelphia: ISHI, Institute for the Study of Human Issues.

Cohen, Sidney, and Richard C. Stillman. 1976. The Therapeutic Potential of Marihuana. New York and London: Plenum Medical Book Company.

Comitas, Lambros. 1975. "The Social Nexus of Ganja in Jamaica." Pp. 119-132 in Cannabis and Culture, edited by Vera Rubin. The Hague and Paris: Mouton Publishers.

Comitas, Lambros. 1976. "Cannabis and Work in Jamaica: A Refutation of the Amotivational Syndrome." Pp. 24-32 in Chronic Cannabis Use, edited by Rhea L. Dornbush, Alfred M. Freedman, and Max Fink. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences.

Dreher, Melanie Creagan. 1982. Working Men and Ganja: Marihuana Use in Rural Jamaica. Philadelphia: ISHI, Institute for the Study of Human Issues.

Dreher, Melanie Creagan. 1983. "Marihuana and Work: Cannabis smoking on a Jamaican sugar estate." Human Organization 42:1-8.

Du Toit, Brian M. 1980. Cannabis in Africa: A Survey of its Distribution in Africa, and a Study of Cannabis Use and Users in multi-ethnic South Africa. Rotterdam: A.A.Balkema.

Erickson, Patricia G. 1980. Cannabis Criminals: The Social Effects of Punishment on Drug Users. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation.

Furst, Peter T. (ed.) 1972. Flesh of the Gods: The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Gautier, Théophile. 1934. Le Club des Hachichins. Paris: Editions du "Bossu".

Goode, Erich. 1969. Marijuana. Chicago and New York: Aldine Atherton.

Goode, Erich. 1970. The Marijuana Smokers. New York and London: Basic Books.

Grinspoon, Lester. 1971. Marihuana Reconsidered. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Hamid, Ansley. 1980. "A Pre-Capitalistic Mode of Production: Ganja and the Rastafarians in San Fernando, Trinidad." in Joint Program in Applied Anthropology. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.

Joyce, C.R.B., and S.H. Curry. 1970. The Botany and Chemistry of Cannabis. London: J.&A.Churchill.

Kaplan, John. 1970. Marijuana: The New Prohibition. New York and Cleveland: The World Publishing Company.

Kennedy, John G. 1987. The Flower of Paradise: The Institutionalized Use of the Drug Qat in North Yemen. Dordrech, Holland: D. Reidel.

Kennedy, J.G., J. Teague, and L. Fairbanks. 1980. "Qat use in North Yemen and the Problem of Addiction. A Study in Medical Anthropology." Social Science and Medicine 17:783-94.

Mikuriya, Tod H. 1973. Marijuana: Medical Papers. Oakland, California: Medi-Comp Press.

Mortimer, W. Golden. 1974. History of Coca: "The Divine Plant" of the Incas. San Francisco: Fitz Hugh Ludlow Memorial Library Edition.

Nahas, Gabriel G. 1973. Marihuana: Deceptive Weed. New York: Raven Press.

Nahas, Gabriel G. 1976. Keep off the Grass: A Scientist's Documented Account of Marijuana's Destructive Effects: Readers Digest Press.

Novak, William. 1980. High Culture: Marijuana in the Lives of Americans. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Rubin, Vera. 1975. "Cannabis and Culture." in World Anthropology, edited by Sol Tax. The Hague: Mouton.

Scott, James M. 1969. The White Poppy: A History of Opium. New York: Funk and Wagnalls.

Smith, David E. 1970. The New Social Drug: Cultural, Medical, and Legal Perspectives on Marijuana. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Smith, M.G., R. Augier, and R. Nettleford. 1960. The Ras Tafari Movement in Kingston, Jamaica. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research.

Snyder, Solomon H. 1971. Uses of Marihuana. New York: Oxford University Press.

Solomon, David. 1966. The Marihuana Papers. New York: Signet Book, New American Library.

Stefanis, C., C. Ballas, and D. Madianou. 1975. "Sociocultural and Epidemiological Aspects of Hashish Use in Greece." Pp. 303-326 in Cannabis and Culture, edited by Vera Rubin. The Hague and Paris: Mouton Publishers.

United Nations. 1950. Report of the Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf. Lake Success, New York: Special Supplement No.1, Economic and Social Council.

iii. patterns of use in modern settings

Adler, Patricia. 1985. Wheeling and Dealing: An Ethnography of an Upper-Level Drug Dealing and Smuggling Community. New York: Columbia University Press.

Agar, Michael H. 1973. Ripping and Running: A Formal Ethnography of Heroin Addicts. New York: Seminar Press.

Bourgois, P. 1989. "In Search of Horatio Alger: Culture and Ideology in the Crack Economy." Contemporary Drug Problems 16:619-649.

Grinspoon, Lester, and James B. Bakalar. 1976. Cocaine: A Drug and its Social Evolution. New York: Basic Books.

Hamid, Ansley. 1990. "The Political Economy of Crack-Related Violence." Contemporary Drug Problems 17:31-78.

Hamid, Ansley. 1992. "The Developmental Cycle of a Drug Epidemic: The Cocaine Smoking Epidemic of 1981-1991." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 24:337-348.

Hamid, Ansley. 1992. "Drugs and Patterns of Opportunity in the Inner-City: The Case of Middle Aged, Middle Income Cocaine Smokers." in Drugs, Crime, and Social Isolation: Barriers to Urban Opportunity, edited by Adele Harrell and George Peterson. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press.

Maher, Lisa, and Richard Curtis. 1994. "In Search of the Female Gangsta: Change, Culture and Crack Cocaine." in The Criminal Justice System and Women, edited by B. Raffel Price and Natalie Sokoloff. New York: McGraw Hill.

Maher, Lisa, Eloise Dunlap, Bruce D. Johnson, and Ansley Hamid. 1996. "Gender, Power, and Alternative Living Arrangements in the Inner-City Crack Culture." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 33:181-205.

Mieczkowski, Thomas. 1986. "Geeking up and throwing down: Heroin street life in Detroit." Criminology 24:645-666.

Preble, E., and J. Casey. 1969. "Taking Care of Business: The Heroin User's Life on the Streets." Journal of the Addictions 4:1-24.

Ratner, M.S. 1993. Crack Pipe as Pimp: An Ethnographic Investigation for Sex-for-Crack Exchanges. New York: Lexington Books.

Brecher, Edward M. 1972. Licit and Illicit Drugs: The Consumers Union Report on Narcotics, Stimulants, Depressants, Inhalants, Hallucinogens, and Marijuana - including Caffeine, Nicotine, and Alcohol. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

Du Toit, Brian M. 1977. Drugs, Rituals and Altered States of Consciousness. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema.

Hunt, Leon Gibson, and Carl D. Chambers. 1976. The Heroin Epidemics: A Study of Heroin Use in the United States, 1965-75. New York: Spectrum Publications.

Johnson, B.D., P.J. Goldstein, E. Preble, J Schmeidler, D.S. Lipton, B. Spunt, and T. Miller. 1985. Taking Care of Business: The Economics of Crime by Heroin Abusers. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Maher, Lisa. 1996. "Hidden in the Light: Occupational Norms Among Crack-using Street-level Sex Workers." Journal of Drug Issues 26:145-175.

Rock, Paul E. 1977. Drugs and Politics. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction, Inc.

Trebach, Arnold S. 1978. Drugs, Crime, and Politics. New York: Praeger Publishers.

Waterston, A. 1993. Street Addicts in the Political Economy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Carter, William E., Mauricio Mamani, José Moralas, and Phillip Parkerson. 1980. Coca in Bolivia: Report of Research performed under National Institute of Drug Abuse Grant Number RO1 DA 1774-02, with the University of Florida. . Gainseville, Florida: University of Florida.

Johnston, Lloyd D., Patrick M. O'Malley, and Jerald Bachman. 1986. Drug Use Among American High School Students, College Students, and Other Young Adults: National Trends Through 1985. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Johnston, Lloyd D., Patrick M. O'Malley, and Jerald Bachman. 1987. National Trends in Drug Use and Related Factors American High School Students and Young Adults, 1975-1986. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Le Dain Commission. 1970. Interim Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs. Ottawa: Information Canada.

Le Dain Commission. 1972. Cannabis: A Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs. Ottawa: Information Canada.

Le Dain Commission. 1973. Final Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs. Ottawa: Information Canada.

Malamud-Goti, Jaime. 1992. Smoke and Mirrors: The Paradox of the Drug Wars. Boulder, Westview Press.

Mayor LaGuardia's Committee on Marihuana. 1973. The Marihuana Problem in the City of New York.. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Reprint Corporation.

National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse. 1972. Marihuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse. 1973. Drug Use in America: Problem in Perspective. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.